Robert F. Williams (1925 - 1996) Radical southern civil rights leader who was active in Monroe, North Carolina. He organized weapons training and an armed community defense program to protect the black citizens of Monroe from the fascist violence of the kkk. His success with this policy goes to show how wrong the "so-called Negro leaders" (Malcolm X: in other words the reformist "respectable" leaders) were. For example, during Williams' time organizing his community, several non-violent "freedom riders" came to Monroe, and the level of white violence reached it's pinnacle against these non-violent activists, whereas the racist whites were scared to attack the black community of Monroe because they had taken up arms and weren't afraid to defend themselves. The amerikan regime would never allow a black man to preach violent self-defense without punishment and thus he was persecuted and later framed for his passionate and intelligent defense and organization of his community, forced into exile in Cuba in 1961. From Cuba he directed a radio station and a newspaper aimed at African amerikans, urging them to rise up against racism and capitalism. Coming out in support of the Vietnamese government in it's struggle against amerikan imperialism, he visited Hanoi in 1965 and in the same year moved to China. Williams wrote a book in exile, Negroes with Guns (1962) [82 pages] about his experiences in Monroe. A powerful book, it shows the effectiveness of violent resistance and the emptiness of non-violent tactics. Violence is a necessity for any people who seriously intend to defeat injustice and oppression whether it be racism or imperialism or capitalism in general. Not only did the black community in Monroe take up arms, but they succeeded time after time in their goals.